Decision Making Concepts - Techniques - and Extensions

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making for Concepts, Techniques, and Extensions. Answer: Introduction: Decision-making tool assists the organization in identifying the activities needed to take place for any decision and executing them. With the help of these tools, organization is able to determine the roles required to be played by an individual. Analysis of two decision tools are done by comparing the possible results of the tools. The selected tools of decision-making is used to solve the problems faced by healthcare organizations in Saudi Arabia. Two decision-making tools selected for discussion are Delphi techniques and decision tree. Problems faced by healthcare organizations have been solved using the selected techniques. Effective decision-making is critical for the survival of organization (Anderson et al., 2015). Discussion: Analysis of decision is about the evaluation of cost effectiveness of different treatment options available and select between the available options. Decision analysis has been utilized for evaluating the cost effectiveness of many clinical options available such as laparoscopic sterilization, hysteroscopic, HIV screening and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Decision tools would assist the healthcare organizations in selecting among the available treatment options based on their cost effectiveness (Betsch Haberstroh, 2014). Decision tree are the tools that is used by organization ion selecting among the alternative course of actions. It is represented by a tree shaped diagram, which is used to show a statistical probability or a course of action. Structure of tree depicts how one choice leads to other and branches is indicative of the fact that options available are mutually exclusive. It is used by clinical managers to graphically represent the actions need to be taken and relating them to future events. Cost of different treatment options are assessed under the decision tree by adding up the various consequence of different treatment options available to healthcare (Hartman et al., 2014). Adjusted cost of any single decision is nothing but the monetary cost of each consequence multiplied by their probability. Difference between the costs of different options is obtained by dividing the difference between various options total effects. Primary outcome of cost effectiveness of options is yield by the in cremental cost effectiveness ratio. In order to decide the most effective treatment options, it is necessary to establish a point at which the decision is made superior to other using cost differentials. Decision tree are helpful in avoiding framing bias (Hunink et al., 2014). Therefore, using this tool of decision-making, organization would be able to make a choice among the most cost effective treatment options. This would solve the problem of increasing ballooning with rising cost of healthcare. A quantitative Delphi analysis are related to panel size and questionnaire designs. In order to gain consensus in this paradigm, the technique used is obtaining an agreement level (Yu, 2013). Other rating techniques are also used to reach the consensus. Here, the consensus is about using the most cost effective treatment options. Rating techniques includes the ranking elements for importance and mean calculation for identification of most important to the least important elements. In addition to this, likert type scales are used for determining which elements should be used and which should not be used. Structuring of the questionnaires, number of participants and types of question forms the basis of nature of analysis (Romiszowski, 2016). All the responses are placed on an equal footing using this method. Irrelevant information are discarded, summarize and filtered using this method. Delphi technique is a method, which is used to estimate the outcome and likelihood of future events. This process is regarded as unique because it uses a written process to a series of questionnaires. A set of multiple questionnaires is prepared, which the individuals are asked to respond. After a group reaches a consensus, process comes to end. If required, the responses can be kept anonymous. It can be seen from the above discussion that Delphi technique are considered to be effective than Decision tree in determining the cost effectiveness of different treatment options. The distinct characteristics of Delphi method is contributed by its usefulness as an instrument of research in policy decision making and forecasting for a long range. This technique enable the healthcare organizations to have a sense of ownership by translating it into a more effective and efficient resolution to a problem. It would be better to adopt Delphi technique in choosing among the available alternatives as it helps in the improvement of decision making process accuracy by making use of controlled feedback and eliminating logistical impediments of face to face meetings (Oshima Emanuel, 2013). Delphi technique helps in obtaining primary source of effectiveness of data. Adopting the Delphi technique would be a better option in determining and choosing selected options as it helps in reaching the collective options and expressing in terms of statistical score. Delphi technique is considered to be more effective than decision tree because the process of applying framework of decision tree to clinical decision making are time consuming and inclusion of clients within the process is not always appropriate. Decision tree offers a method of assigning numerical approach for supporting complex decision-making (Kaner, 2014). However, a common approach is offered by using decision tree that assist the professionals in examining various options available to them in depth. Conclusion: Decision making in healthcare organizations should be made through the implementation of wide variety of decision-making tool, techniques and through intensified planning. Effective decision-making techniques should assure objectivity and eliminate all the personal biases and predetermined judgments. It should also satisfy the needs of management of organization by bringing about the most appropriate decisions. It is recommended to adopt Delphi technique for taking decision concerning cost effectiveness of different treatment options available to healthcare organizations. Healthcare organizations adopts the decision-making techniques based on the types of situation. The current situation concerns with selection of the most cost effective options for treating its patients. In this regard, it is recommended from the above analysis and discussion that Delphi technique would be the suitable option for taking decision. Reference: Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J. (2015).An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Betsch, T., Haberstroh, S. (Eds.). (2014).The routines of decision making. Psychology Press. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C., Hartman, L. P. (2014).Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hunink, M. M., Weinstein, M. C., Wittenberg, E., Drummond, M. F., Pliskin, J. S., Wong, J. B., Glasziou, P. P. (2014).Decision making in health and medicine: integrating evidence and values. Cambridge University Press. Kaner, S. 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