Communicable Disease

Communicable Disease HCS 457 September 24, 2012 Heather Steiner Communicable Disease Tuberculosis is a communicable disease that affects a person’s lungs. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium. Untreated TB can be fatal, in the past TB was the leading cause of death in the United States. There are two TB related conditions that exit: latent TB infection and Active TB infection. TB can be transmitted to others when an infected person coughs or sneezes. According to the â€Å"Center for Disease Control† (2010), â€Å"TB disease is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal† (CDC, 2010, para. 3). Much like the common cold, TB is spread by an infected person breathing, coughing, speaking, or sneezing into the air; however, not everyone who acquires TB has symptoms. Latent TB infection occurs when one breathes in the bacteria can fight off the infection. Persons with latent TB have no symptoms and are not contagious unless the bacterium becomes active in one’s body.Once the illness is active it becomes active TB, and the person will become sick. People who have weakened immune systems because of other illness are more susceptible to contracting active TB. According to the â€Å"CDC† (2010), â€Å"The general symptoms of TB disease include feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The symptoms of TB disease of the lungs also include coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood. Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend on the area affected† (CDC, 2010, para. ). According to U. S. National Library of Medicine (2011), † The following factors may increase the rate of TB infection in a population: Increase in HIV infections, Increase in number of homeless people (poor environment and nutrition). In the United States, there are approximately 10 cases of TB per 100,000 people. However, rates vary dramatically by area of residence and socioeconomic status. † (2011). A gap in care concerning TB patients is directly related to cultural beliefs and perceptions concerning disease.Cultural beliefs have a significant effect on the spread of disease and treatment options. For example, the Hmong in the United States represent a Southeast Asian minority group who immigrated to the United States. Many of the Hmong have settled in the Minneapolis metro area. The Hmong people experience an especially high rate of Tuberculosis (TB). Cultural influences play a significant part in diagnosing and controlling the spread of TB among the Hmong population. The language barrier is just one issue that health care workers have trouble with.According to â€Å"Culture Care Connection† (2010), â€Å"One persistent programmatic implication is that because the Hmong language lacks words for many biomedical or physiological concepts, communication requires proxy words to convey these ideas. New Hmong words may even need to be created in order to convey Western terms or concepts† (Culture Care, 2010 para. 6). To close the gap the Minnesota Department of Health needs to educate minority groups and health care providers about how to effectively communicate with one another.The study conducted by the CDC determined that although the Hmong were familiar with some TB symptoms the lack of education concerning the disease is a major roadblock to treatment. The study found that many Hmong believed that TB could not be transmitted through the air and that it could only be contracted by associating with â€Å"unclean† people. According to the â€Å"CDC† (2010), â€Å"Common misconceptions included that TB was transmitted by sharing eating utensils, through body fluids, or by kissing. Some participants believed TB was caused by unhygienic conditions† (CDC, 2010, para. 7).Many respondents said that TB is a source of shame in the community and that shame would prevent many from seeking out treatment. The Minnesota Department of Health has initiated a TB prevention and control program collaborates with local public health departments statewide. The program collects and analyzes surveillance data to monitor epidemiologic trends and provides consultation to clinicians and local public health departments to assure appropriate clinical management and adequate therapy for TB patients and persons exposed to TB disease† (2012). In conclusion, Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium.Untreated TB can be fatal. People who have weakened immune systems because of other illness are more susceptible to contracting active TB. A gap in care concerning TB patients is directly related to cultural beliefs and perceptions concerning disease. Cultural beliefs have a signific ant effect on the spread of disease and treatment options. To close the gap the Minnesota Department of Health needs to educate minority groups and health care providers about how to effectively communicate with one another. References CDC (2010). Common Perceptions, Attitudes, and Beliefs about Tuberculosis among the Lao Hmong. ttp://www. cdc. gov/tb/publications/guidestoolkits/EthnographicGuides/Hmong Culture Care Connection. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. culturecareconnection. org/matters/diversity/hmong. html McArdle, M. (2011, October). Resistance Is Futile.. The Atlantic, (), . doi:galegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/ Minnesota Department of Health. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. health. state. mn. us/divs/idepc/diseases/tb/program. html U. S. National Library of Medicine . (2011). Pulmonary tuberculosis. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001141/

The Mayans †Popol Vuh Summary

The Mayans – A Basic Summary on Popol Vuh and Xibalba Information on the Popol Vuh The Popol Vuh is one of the only remaining texts we have of ancient Mayan cultures. It is, for lack of a better word, their bible. In English its most direct translation is â€Å"Book of the Mat† but it can translate into its more meaningful name, â€Å"Book of the Community†. It encompasses a variety of stories and legends as well as a history of the mayan ancestors.Its most famous story is the creation myth of the Hero Twins. This myth explains how two abandoned twins ventured into the Mayan underworld called Xibalba and defeated the â€Å"bad† Gods and the arrogant Xibalbans people. They then ascended out of Xibalba to the sky where they became the sun and the moon. This book was an important source of cultural heritage to the Mayan people and the religions they practiced.It explains the importance of Maya as a divine place and culture, as well as introduces important fig ures such as the Maize God. After Bishop Diego de Landa’s eradication on Mayan literature, it is an extremely valuable source of information. Information on Xibalba Xibalba is to the Mayans what Hell is for us. It translates to something along the lines of, â€Å"the place of fear†. However, it has many important differences.For instance, instead of eternal damnation in one endless fiery pit (aka: Hell) there are seven chambers. Each chamber is a different challenge or nightmare that you have to face. The Mayans believe a person has five souls, one of which ventures into Xibalba. Depending on how evil you have been depends on how deep into Xibalba your soul goes. Again, the deeper you go, the worse it becomes. Xibalba has cultural significance because it develops the idea of key gods, religions and practices such as the Mayan ballgames.

International Retail Market Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Retail Market Development - Essay Example When, as a strategic goal, a firm wishes to expand its retail operations, it chooses to go abroad as soon as it sees its local market being saturated. This concept ha been better described with the help of many models and theories. Other motivators for internationalization are resource seeking, market seeking, efficiency seeking and strategic asset seeking. Resource seeking and market seeking are usually motivators for a firm’s initial internationalization strategy, while the other two are for sequential internationalization. Moreover, there are a number of factors that need to be considered by retailers before expanding overseas. These are factors, if considered appropriately, will determine success or failure. These typically include selecting the right market, knowing how much to adapt, getting the timing right, having a strong store brand image, and controlling the supply chain. H&M focuses most on getting their information right about the selected market and the attractiveness of this market. Another very important factor that would determine success is the mode of market entry chosen. There are a number of modes of foreign entry but the most common ones are licensing, franchising which has significantly increased the number of retailers expanding overseas and joint ventures. There are many others such as acquisition, mergers and contracts, but are not a part of the scope of this paper. In the past, retailers were thought of as localized entities that had little power (Alexander, 2009, pp.3). However, recently - in the past 20 years, this perception and way of operation has changed, and the existing concepts are no longer fit keeping in mind the recent changes (Dawson, 2006). One of the recent popular retailer strategies is ‘Retail Internationalization’, whereby, a retailer, like many manufacturing firms, decides to go international – or have operations in more than one country (Dawson, 2006; Alexander,

Position paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Position paper - Essay Example (,McGovern, 16). The company mine was sprinkled only when the dust became thick enough to prevent the passage of the mules because, they believed and insisted Starkville was nongaseous. They insisted that their mine was not like Starkville mine. As much as the strike was crucial for the workers and other stakeholders to voice complains. Colorado Fuel and Mining Company on its side believed they were no genuine ground for complain as they had taken care of their employees the right way. In conclusion, the company did not support the strike and definitely did not agree with stakeholders like united Mine workers of America, Industrial workers of the world among others on workers demand. The United State was concerned with internal affairs of the country as it was strongly interested in investing in that country. This investments mainly included; the Mexican oil. Further, these investments had grown up to a billion dollars by 1913(McGovern, 48). Due to this situation, President Wilson took a position of warning Mexican president on acting fast before April 19, whereby if actions were not taken by then. He was to take the situation to Congress for further action. Consequently, since the actions taken by Mexican president did not work, Wilson on April 20 sent a message to Congress to inquire for right to use armed force. The president of United State took the position that; United States seeks to maintain its dignity and authority. Since they were only interested as United State wished to keep great States and wherever else it may be employed for mankind benefit. The president of the United States Wilson took the position of ensuring peace and ensuing law and orders is maintained so as to protect the innocent and also, to ensure the market does not close down as it would greatly affect the economy of the United States (McGovern, 48). In conclusion, Unite States’ business interest required stability in

A briefing paper for a child health promotion project Essay

A briefing paper for a child health promotion project - Essay Example Mothers are also protected from osteoporosis, ovarian cancer and breast cancer. It has also helped them maintain weight. (WHO, 2001) The aim of this paper is to present a proposal of establishing a Breastfeeding Center in UK which opens daily in daytime and which holds antenatal breastfeeding education classes. This projects aims on (1.) Encouraging breastfeeding and (2) Examining the effectiveness of current measures to promote breastfeeding. This proposal is being presented to stakeholders who will approve this proposal, such as the UK National Health Services Maternal and Child Health programme. The proponent is ______________ (your qualification) This proposal seeks to establish a breastfeeding center in UK which is accessible to most women in the area—accessible to their workplace or their homes. This center should be staffed by a Lactation consultant who would offer her services in communicating with mothers and families. The center should have a relaxed atmosphere so that mothers can truly benefit from the breastfeeding learning experience. The center should also provide care for pregnant women, which includes relaxation massage for women, pregnancy massage, baby massage classes, lactation consultancy for breastfeeding support and gifts for mothers and babies. This service should be provided free of charge for women and should be open from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM. The center should also offer free lactation stay services for women who want to breastfeed their babies for longer periods. The center should also hold antenatal breastfeeding education classes which are essential for successful breastfeeding to occur. There should be education related to breastfeeding and the participants should have access to educational materials and hands-on experience with dolls. The participants should be comfortable and have a

Maritime LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maritime LAW - Essay Example The notion behind arresting the ship rests in the notion of the ship itself as being the wrongdoer and thereby liable to arrest and offer the same for sale to settle the claims by a creditor. It normally involves securing the appearance of the defendant ship owner and corroborates the jurisdiction of the Court. If the Court permits the maritime creditor’s claim, the verdict is then enforceable against the detained res by judicial sale or security given to assume its place. (Force et al, 2006:262). An action in rem may be initiated against a ship in connection with which a claim arose or against a sister ship. As per the decision held in Gatoil Inc. v Arkwright –Boston Co [1985] A.C. 255 at 265, under the Arrest Convention, there exists a right to initiate an action in rem against another ship of the owner. (Gault et al: 2003:31). An action in rem can be initiated in the High Court against the ship where there exists a maritime lien on the ship and in cases where there e xists a statutory right to proceed in rem. (Gault et al 2003:31). For many centuries, action in rem is the remedy most sought for and used to, and it is being the specialty of the Admiralty Court and for the Courts having parallel jurisdiction and it offers a chief benefit over the same. For initiating any action against a ship is the specialty to proceed in the Admiralty Court directly, and it has been regarded as the illustrious aspect of the Admiralty jurisdiction. Even from the Elizabethan era, the action in rem is being employed in the Admiralty court and however, during the middle of the nineteenth century, the modern theory of maritime liens, i.e. rights against the ship started to evolve. The starting of consideration of the action in rem is itself must lie in the onset of the theory of maritime liens as the two concepts have become interconnected. (Wiswall 1970:155) As per Jervis, maritime lines were the founding stones of actions in rem which was itself a maxim as laid dow n in â€Å"The Bold Cuccleugh† where a solid substantive verdict was given that the action in rem was a proceeding directly against a ship and not a procedural mechanism to enrich personal jurisdiction over owners. (Wiswall 1970:158). Thus, in the case of action in rem, action in personam cannot be claimed was vitiated by the verdict given by Sir Francis Jeune in â€Å"The Dictoar â€Å"in 1891 and when action being in rem, and if any bail that had been offered should stand as a substitute for the ship, and it should be treated as the limit of the liability and it was not proper to award a decree or a judgement in personam in an action in rem. Thus, separate legal proceedings should be initiated for an action to be brought in personam was needed mainly to obtain satisfaction of the balance of the savage award. (Wiswall 1970:158). Traditionally, an action in rem has been considered as an action against the ship itself and does not refer to any action against a ship owner unt il and at least the ship owner acknowledges services of the claim form. â€Å"The House of Lords â€Å"in â€Å"The Indian Grace â€Å"held that under the â€Å"s.34 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act, 1982 â€Å", an â€Å"

Evaluation of CI analytical software (Cipher and Traction software) Research Paper

Evaluation of CI analytical software (Cipher and Traction software) - Research Paper Example Companies that are operating with highly competitive markets such as automotive industry or telecommunications industry would like to use Competitive Intelligence software that provides consistent information about the market like innovations, new products, prices, competitor activities, etc. Cipher is example software that provides information. On the other hand, multinational companies that have offices in all around the world would like to use software that facilitates communication among the employees especially if they conduct simultaneous projects. Traction is example software of that kind. Competitive intelligence involves gathering data about opponents; evaluate the data and using the findings to increase a cutthroat benefit in the marketplace. Competitive intelligence software makes simpler the procedure by giving templates for entering information and using models, forecasting tools, and online research to analyze competitive data. INTELLIGENCE CYCLE Five consecutive steps are involved in the Intelligence Cycle, and every step is linked with the other. We can also say that we should plan step one of planning and direction in order to plan second step, and so on. Elimination of any step will not give us the desirable results or the misguided results. The following are the steps of the Intelligence cycle, 1. Planning & Direction 2. Published Information 3. Primary Source Collection 4. Analysis & Production 5. Report & Inform We evaluated the software packages on the basis of Competitive Intelligence by keeping in mind these five intelligence cycle steps. We believe it is more accurate to note how well the software scored in the categories it fulfilled than to consider just the total score. Even then, the score reflects how comprehensively the product assisted that step of the cycle, more so than the quality of the package itself. Organizations or their CI technology users need to select the package or packages that best address their unique needs, as no two CI processes are alike. CIPHER Introduction As Cipher (2011) specifies, the business was recognized in 1996 by The Future Group. It is a consultancy firm that provides technologic solutions by putting stress on planned market study. It has two software products: Knowledge.Works and Intel Assist. Knowledge.Works Knowledge.Works is award-winning competitive intelligence product of Cipher. It is a web-based application built with a Microsoft SQL server back - end. As VIP Magazine (2010) said, Cipher’s Knowledge.Works is a relational record result that can assist a company in several componenst of the competitive intelligence cycle: data collection, aggregation, indexing, searching, analysis, reporting and collaboration. Knowledge.Works can be fully customized by each user and it is designed to meet an organization’s unique needs. It has the aptitude to focus on precise competitors or gather competitive benchmarking actions in chosen market sectors. It can also analyz e competitor activities based on the regions. Knowledge.Works can track product pricing and advertising on provincial or nationwide basis. A company who uses this software has also the option to choose the sources to be searched for specific subjects. It also offers keyword tag cloud which allows the users see the hot topics, filter the ones that are more interested. It also allows the users to categorize the sources from the web, newsfeeds and internal sources. Information is also delivered at

Diabetes Patients Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Diabetes Patients - Case Study Example Administration of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics was mainly to manage the presumed cellulitis. The doctors recommended insulin therapy after a series of medication on oral hypoglycaemic drugs. After consultations, the visiting surgeons recommended continued abdominal imaging to the patient. Abdominal imaging however, however, was not possible since the 45-year-old woman was too obese to fit in the CT scan. She could not fit in MRI due to her obesity. The doctors finally treated the woman’s abdominal pain using opiates after thorough medical observation. The current treatment care for the 45 year old woman is the six one after a series of medication and obesity management. The forty-five year old has also been suffering from frequent thirst and urination. Her status worsened six months ago after admission with hyperglycemia and later for a patient care program for management. The 45-year-old woman’s daughter also suffers from obesity. The daughter frequently complains of severe abdominal pain (Blak et al., 2012a, p. 2). Obesity proves to be a serious problem in the modern world. Doctors in United Kingdom hospitals report many cases of obesity caused complications daily. Brunello et al., 2009, p. 2, discusses that obesity is a function of the body mass index. Doctors consider a body mass index greater than 25 kilogram per meters square as an overweight. Information from Management of obesity in adults,† 2004, p. 1 suggest that patients suffering from morbidly obesity have body mass index greater than 40 kilograms per meters square while obese weight patients have a body mass index greater than 30 kilograms per meters square. Obese individuals have higher probabilities of contracting associated illnesses such as diabetes, heart attack or kidney failure, respiratory problems, urinary stress incontinence and cancer. Health research indicates that morbid obese women are infertile. Mahmood and Arulkumaran, 2012, p. 405, elaborates that infertility of such women results from the changing levels of estrogen and progesterone that consequently affects regularity of menstrual cycle and fertility. The forty-year old was overweight, complained of frequent chest pains, and had polyuria symptoms.

Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics Paper - Essay Example In the light of these, the following study explains the mandate of social responsibility and ethics in coming up with a strategic plan while considering the demands of stakeholders. Additionally, it provides an example of a company which did not consider ethical considerations and finally recommends the best means of preventing similar occurrences in future. A strategic plan refers to the overall defining term of an organization which highlights its decision-making, directions, and overall modes of operation. The reason why ethics and social responsibility are important when this organizational tool is being constructed is that the organization has to consider the principles of individuals as well as commit to its obligations to the wider society. Failure to meet these demands would mean the integrations of the organization in the society within which it is based would be ineffective. The result of such would be difficult or impossibility of conducting business, since the people would oppose or fail to support the organization’s presence. Ethics go a long way in defining the constituting elements of social responsibilities of an organization. Social responsibility in this term refers to the stakeholders who include clients, suppliers, partners, surrounding societies, and generally anyone who is affected by the organization in one way or another. One key element of social responsibility is that it should treat all the stakeholders equally. Again, the majorly considered aspects of stakeholders are social impacts and environmental effects emerging from the organization’s presence. In a nutshell, ethics should defend against the eruption of any kind of tension or conflict between the organization and all the affected stakeholders (Ferrell & Hartline, 2012). An organization which considers its ethical constitution emphasizes on, and inflicts transparency in all its activities.

Explain how large companies raise capital from the equity and bond Essay

Explain how large companies raise capital from the equity and bond markets. Discuss the relevance of the capital asset pricing model ( CAPM) to company seeking evaluate its cost of capital - Essay Example The firm has to decide whether to raise funds through common stock, preferred stock, bonds or hybrid securities or a combination. In the case of common stock, the firm has to decide whether it should it be rights issue or public issue. The company can put on offer its block of securities for sale to the highest bidder or negotiate a deal with the investment banker. Since in the latter, the investment bankers should carry out a substantial investigation, they would do it for best known companies. Otherwise, the prohibitive costs and uncertainty of clinching the deal would make the bidding for lesser known companies unattractive for the investment bankers. Therefore, only the very large companies, about 100 of the largest companies in New York stock exchange have a choice of seeking competitive bidding for their offering. Others have only an option of negotiated deal with an investment banker. In case of a negotiated deal, the firm has to select an investment banker. Most of the investment banks operate in niches. For instance, older and larger veteran merchant bankers such as Morgan Stanley deal mainly with IBM, AT&T and Exxon and such and Drexel Burnham Lambert deals with speculative issues. Some investment bankers have penchant for new issues, while some others with a conservative brokerage client base would not take up speculative and risky issues. In Stage 2, the firm’s initial decisions will be revisited by the merchant banker. For instance, the merchant banker, after studying the environmental trends, may recommend and convince the management to change their earlier plan of raising $200 million by selling common stock to raising $100 million by common stock and the rest by the issue of bonds. In this stage, the firm and investment banker will come to a conclusion as to whether the banker will work on the best efforts basis or will underwrite the issue. In the best efforts basis, the banker does not assume

Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Catholic Church Essay The church remains to be one of the most powerful and influential social system which affects our day to day living. As such, controversies involving church authorities have always attracted utmost social attention. Such issues are even incorporated in many literary works. One of the most esteemed literary pieces tackling church-related controversies is John Patrick Shanley’s â€Å"Doubt†, a play which yielded the Pulitzer Prize. Basically, the play presents the depressingly typical scenario of pedophile priests. However, although the story tackles an abuse scandal involving a church authority, it is important to note that the plot does not indulge in exposing amoral activities within the respected institution. Rather, it diverges from its particular plot by exploring a range of interrelated dilemmas faced by the Catholic Church. Analyzing the various themes that were vaguely discussed in the play’s plot through smart dialogues and characterizations, Doubt appears to be more than just a formula-based story mimicking a real event derived from the newspapers. On the whole, the play is more of a twisted portrayal of the hierarchy, male dominance, and conservatism that embraces the practices of the Catholic Church. Battle between the sexes and male dominance In the play, Sister Aloysius, the principal of the grade school suspects that Father Flynn has molested the first and only black student of the school. Examining these two major characters presented in the story, Doubt somehow becomes a picture of a battle between the sexes, within the grounds of the Catholic Church. Being the head of the school, Sister Aloysius supposedly has absolute power over her territory. As the principal, she is in charge of maintaining order within the school and protecting the children from harm so she is also entitled of subjecting the teachers to disciplinary actions whenever she deems fitting. However, in Father Flynn’s case, everything takes a different turn. Suspecting that something is wrong with Father Flynn’s actions, the principal does not directly call on the priest or immediately report him to a superior for questioning and punishment. Rather, Sister Aloysius chooses to confide to Sister James and narrates a somewhat similar experience that she has encountered before. Eight years ago at St. Boniface we had a priest who had to be stopped. But I had Monsignor Scully then who I could rely on,† the principal notes, stressing her need for a male ally. She further states that the situation with Father Flynn is quite different because â€Å"there is no man† that they can go to and that â€Å"men run everything†. At the end of their conversation, Sister Aloysius suggests that it is up to them to stop the peculiar Father. This proposition, along with the apparent cry for help from the naive nun and the student’s mother, only suggests that Sister Aloysius recognizes that the Church is a patriarchal system and that there is a need for women to unite and work together in order to expose a priest’s wrongdoing. During the confrontation of Father Flynn and Sister Aloysius, it is also obvious that the priest recognizes the male dominance within the church. When the principal tells him that she has sought the assistance of other parishes that the priest has served before, the fuming father states that despite the authority she holds over the school, she is still a member of the religious order, so she should be obedient to her superiors – who were men, of course. As anticipated, the priest brings himself to an untouchable position, between Sister Aloysius and the Monsignor, simply using his gender as the basis for the claimed authority. Furthermore, the end result of the confrontation – the transfer of Father Flynn to another parish, and his promotion as a parish priest only proves that the fear of Sister Aloysius and the haughtiness of the priest in question are well-substantiated. A Conservative Church vs. the Liberal Ways Based on the idea that the church is patriarchal and that male superiors often turn a blind eye to the wrong doing of priests, it somehow appears that Sister Aloysius is the protagonist and that Father Flynn is the unobvious antagonist. However, taking into account the conservative versus liberal scenario also embodied by the two major characters, it seems that there is more to the story than an outcry against a patriarchal system. In the play, it is clear that Sister Aloysius is the embodiment of the traditional and conservative church. She represents the old ways – inflexible, definite, and authoritarian. She is not fond of those who, like Father Flynn, attempt to be different and applies their distinctiveness in the way they preach and interact with the parishioners. In stark contrast with the nun’s character is the witty and playful Father Flynn who is fond of hugging his students, making jokes, and ultimately working against the principal’s idea that moral authority suggests social isolation. Assessing the clash between the two in relation to their symbolizations of the traditional versus the liberal, it seems that the principal’s suspicions are largely a product of her attempt to restore order in her Catholic school. It may be that Sister Aloysius’ qualms are just manifestations of her anger and fear against the threat that is Father Flynn, nothing more. Conclusions: Doubts†¦. And more doubts Apart from the question of whether Father Flynn was really a child predator, the play raises many other doubts about the Catholic Church. It engages the audiences in the dilemma if they should struggle for a social structure that is impartial and unprejudiced to a certain gender. Also, the play explores the idea of whether the church should maintain the old ways, or they should just go with the flow of modernity and adopt liberal methods of preaching and relating to their parishioners. Overall, the play also touches on power play within the system, with regards to the maintenance of long practiced values like social isolation and patriarchy. Thus, it is safe to conclude that analyzing the characters and dialogues within the play, themes in the story only show that Doubt is also about church scandals, but only to the least degree. As noted by Shanley in a feature article for the Huffington Post, he wasnt interested particularly in writing about the church scandals† nor did he had the interest to write mystery novels. True to his purpose, Doubt exists to make people realize that they are indeed living in a world that’s full of doubts – doubts that are ever present even within the church that they lean upon for certainty and deliverance. Works Cited Falsini, Cathleen. â€Å"Beyond The Shadow of a Doubt. † Huffington Post. 2003. 24 July 2009. http://www. huffingtonpost. com/cathleen-falsani/beyond-the-shadow-of-a-do_b_150496. html Shanley, John Patrick. â€Å"Doubt†

Dominos History and Analysis

Dominos History and Analysis History of Dominos Dominos Pizza was brought to America by Italian immigrants in the 1800s and it grew in popularity as a pie of choice and rose to popularity hence necessitating the nee for Dominos chain to be created. The companys business model was its reliance on delivery (which was set at 30 minutes) and a focus on efficient and streamlined processes of taking pizza orders, preparing them and delivering them to consumers. With Dominos success on its pizza delivery time the company it appeared as though the company substituted quality service for quality product hence the decline in Dominos shares. Dominos crisis. With the success of Dominos, customers where also demanding more from their pizza maker, they wanted better tasting pizza that had flavour. From the material provided, it is evident that Dominos became comfortable in their position to recognized as the leader in Pizza delivery and did not carry out any market research in other to find ways to improve their product and guarantee customer satisfaction. Marketing research generally comprises of a product research in terms of market need that a business wants to satisfy as well as the size and characteristics of the market (new or old) by identifying consumer preferences and buying behavior. Another reason for the Dominos Crisis was that the 30 minutes delivery time was not uniform for every Dominos outlet. Depending on how big a Dominos shop service area was the 30 minutes delivery time worked perfectly, but where the area is large and considering other factors the timing was different. Attribute analysis Attribute analysis is the process of breaking down a problem, idea, or thing into component parts and then thinking about the attributes of the problem rather than the thing itself by taking into consideration the crucial aspects of a companys business model and turning it around (IAF, 2009). What this means is that with rising customer dissatisfaction which is evident not only through surveys, feedbacks and word of mouth. There was the need for the Pizza turnaround programme because as at 2009 Dominos quarter revenue had dropped by 6.5% and as such there was the need for a massive overhaul of the companies financial and operational parameters. What was considered in this regard is how great pizza could be made while still maintaining the unique selling point which was the timing (30 minutes delivery time). Attribute analysis was used by simply identifying key problems that had been collated through customers feedback. This feedback was put together and to ensure customer loyalty product was improved and this improvement saw a 65% increase in repeat purchase by customers (Worldwide 2017). By meeting the challenges head on the turn around team did a road show with their franchises introducing the new and improved pizza as well as carried out blind test road show. From the road show a number of customers preferred the new taste. The success of any new initiative by an organization is highly dependant on the involvement of every member of the team directly involved in the product. Attribute analysis helped Dominos identify specific areas that needed improvement and then the next step was to inform senior management team of the negative feedback they had received from customers and management team saw the need to immediately turn around their pizza operations. In general, this case points to the fact that for any brand to successfully transform itself to one capable of competing for customers with the competition, creating a strong position for future growth is reliant on customer feedback, continued effort to improve product offering and in taking feedbacks and customer suggestions seriously. Concept testing approaches in my opinion created an opportunity for customers to be aware of the various efforts been made by Dominos to satisfy them through new and improved products. This no doubt helped Dominos grow and position itself favourably in the hearts of its customers. References Australian food News, February 2015. Dominos attributes record profits to innovations and new initiatives. Retrieved from: http://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/02/11/dominos-attributes-record-profits-to-innovations-and-new-initiatives.html. Accessed 13 January 2017. IAF methods database. October 2009. Attribute analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.iaf-methods.org/node/11163. Accessed 13 January 2017. Worldwide.com. February 2017. How Dominos repositioned itself from pizza delivery to mealtime solution. Retrieved from: http://iris-worldwide.com/news/how-dominos-repositioned-itself-from-pizza-delivery-to-mealtime-solution/. Accessed 13 January 2017.

Spectrophotometry Techniques and Devices

Spectrophotometry Techniques and Devices I. INTRODUCTION Spectrophotometry Infrared Spectrophotometry is designed to identify or determine the sample by measuring absorption of infrared radiation of wave numbers in a region of 4,000 to 400 cm-1, at various wave numbers, when it passes through the sample. This method uses the property that the infrared absorption spectrum of a substance is Characteristic of its chemical structure. Infrared spectra are shown in charts drawn by plotting the wave numbers on the abscissa and the transmittances or absorbances on the ordinate. i. Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the color (or more specifically the wavelength) of light. Important features of spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth and linear range of absorption measurement. Perhaps the most common application of spectrophotometers is the measurement of light absorption, but they can be designed to measure diffuse or specular reflectance. The use of spectrophotometers is not limited to studies in physics. They are also commonly used in other scientific fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. [2] They are widely used in many industries including printing and forensic examination. ii. Design There are two major classes of devices: single beam and double beam. A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity between two light paths, one path containing a reference sample and the other the test sample. A single beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam before and after a test sample is inserted. Although comparison measurements from double beam instruments are easier and more stable, single beam instruments can have a larger dynamic range and are optically simpler and more compact. Historically, spectrophotometers use a monochromator containing a diffraction grating to produce the analytical spectrum. There are also spectrophotometers that use arrays of photosensors. Especially for infrared spectrophotometers, there are spectrophotometers that use a Fourier transform technique to acquire the spectral information quicker in a technique called Fourier Transform Infrared The spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the fraction of light that passes through a reference solution and a test solution. Light from the source lamp is passed through a monochromator, which diffracts the light into a rainbow of wavelengths and outputs narrow bandwidths of this diffracted spectrum. Discrete frequencies are transmitted through the test sample. Then the intensity of the transmitted light is measured with a photodiode or other light sensor, and the transmittance value for this wavelength is then compared with the transmission through a reference sample. In short, the sequence of events in a spectrophotometer is as follows: The light source shines into a monochromator. A particular output wavelength is selected and beamed at the sample. The sample absorbs light. Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated by a procedure known as zeroing. The absorbency of a reference substance is set as a baseline value, so the absorbencies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial zeroed substance. The spectrophotometer then displays% absorbency (the amount of light absorbed relative to the initial substance).[2] II. UV IR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY i. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry The most common spectrophotometers are used in the UV and visible regions of the spectrum and some of these instruments also operate into the near-infrared region as well. Visible region 400-700nm spectrophotometry is used extensively in colorimetry science. Ink manufacturers, printing companies, textiles vendors, and many more, need the data provided through colorimetry. They take readings in the region of every 10-20 nanometers along the visible region, and produce a spectral reflectance curve or a data stream for alternative presentations. These curves can be used to test a new batch of colorant to check if it makes a match to specifications e.g., iso printing standards. Traditional visual region spectrophotometers cannot detect if a colorant or the base material has fluorescence. This can make it difficult to manage color issues if for example one or more of the printing inks is fluorescent. Where a colorant contains fluorescence, a bi-spectral fluorescent spectrophotometer is used. There are two major setups for visual spectrum spectrophotometers, d/8 (spherical) and 0/45. The names are due to the geometry of the light source, observer and interior of the measurement chamber. Scientists use this machine to measure the amount of compounds in a sample. If the compound is more concentrated more light will be absorbed by the sample; within small ranges, the Beer-Lambert law holds and the absorbance between samples vary with concentration linearly. In the case of printing measurements two alternative settings are commonly used- without/with UV filter to control better the effect of UV brighteners within the paper stock. Samples are usually prepared in cuvettes; depending on the region of interest, they may be constructed of glass, plastic, or quartz ii. IR spectrophotometry Spectrophotometers designed for the main infrared region are quite different because of the technical requirements of measurement in that region. One major factor is the type of photosensors that are available for different spectral regions, but infrared measurement is also challenging because virtually everything emits IR light as thermal radiation, especially at wavelengths beyond about 5ÃŽ ¼m. Another complication is that quite a few materials such as glass and plastic absorb infrared light, making it incompatible as an optical medium. Ideal optical materials are salts, which do not absorb strongly. Samples for IR spectrophotometry may be smeared between two discs of potassium bromide or ground with potassium bromide and pressed into a pellet. Where aqueous solutions are to be measured, insoluble silver chloride is used to construct the cell. III. INFRARED Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 700nm and 300Â µm, which equates to a frequency range between 1THz and 430THz—a span of more than three orders of magnitude. Its wavelength is longer (and the frequency lower) than that of visible light, but the wavelength is shorter (and the frequency higher) than that of terahertz radiation microwaves. Bright sunlight provides an irradiance of about 1kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared light, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet light. The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz (1 mm) to 400 THz (750 nm). It can be divided into three parts: Far-infrared, from 300 GHz (1 mm) to 30 THz (10 ÃŽ ¼m). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by phonons in solids. The water in the Earths atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere effectively opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges (windows) within the opaque range which allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from approximately 200 ÃŽ ¼m up to a few mm is often referred to as sub-millimeter in astronomy, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 ÃŽ ¼m. Mid-infrared, from 30 to 120 THz (10 to 2.5 ÃŽ ¼m). Hot objects (black-body radiators) can radiate strongly in this range. It is absorbed by molecular Vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes called the fingerprint region since the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very specific for that compound. Near-infrared, from 120 to 400 THz (2,500 to 750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light.[4] IV. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It covers a range of techniques, the most common being a form of absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition. Infrared spectroscopy correlation tables are tabulated in the literature. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is an infrared spectrophotometer. i. Background and theory The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three regions; the near-, mid- and far- infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The far-infrared, approximately 400-10cm−1 (1000-30ÃŽ ¼m), lying adjacent to the microwave region, has low energy and may be used for rotational spectroscopy. The mid-infrared, approximately 4000-400cm−1 (30-2.5ÃŽ ¼m) may be used to study the fundamental vibrations and associated rotational-vibrational structure. The higher energy near-IR, approximately 14000-4000cm−1 (2.5-0.8ÃŽ ¼m) can excite overtone or harmonic vibrations. The names and classifications of these subregions are merely conventions. They are neither strict divisions nor based on exact molecular or electromagnetic properties. Infrared spectroscopy exploits the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes). These resonant frequencies are determined by the shape of the molecular potential energy surfaces, the masses of the atoms and, by the associated vibronic coupling. In order for a vibrational mode in a molecule to be IR active, it must be associated with changes in the permanent dipole. In particular, in the Born-Oppenheimer and harmonic approximations, i.e. when the molecular Hamiltonian corresponding to the electronic ground state can be approximated by a harmonic oscillator in the neighborhood of the equilibrium molecular geometry, the resonant frequencies are determined by the normal modes corresponding to the molecular electronic ground state potential energy surface. Nevertheless, the resonant frequencies can be in a first approach related to the strength of the bond, and the mass of the atoms at either end of it. Thus, the frequency of the vibrations can be associated with a particular bond type. Simple diatomic molecules have only one bond, which may stretch. More complex molecules have many bonds, and vibrations can be conjugated, leading to infrared absorptions at characteristic frequencies that may be related to chemical groups. For example, the atoms in a CH2 group, commonly found in organic compounds can vibrate in six different ways: symmetrical and antisymmetrical stretching, scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting: The infrared spectrum of a sample is collected by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. Examination of the transmitted light reveals how much energy was absorbed at each wavelength. This can be done with a monochromatic beam, which changes in wavelength over time, or by using a Fourier transform instrument to measure all wavelengths at once. From this, a transmittance or absorbance spectrum can be produced, showing at which IR wavelengths the sample absorbs. Analysis of these absorption characteristics reveals details about the molecular structure of the sample. When the frequency of the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond, absorption occurs. This technique works almost exclusively on samples with covalent bonds. Simple spectra are obtained from samples with few IR active bonds and high levels of purity. More complex molecular structures lead to more absorption bands and more complex spectra. The technique has been used for the characterization of very complex mixtures. ii. Adjustment and Instrument Use a dispersive infrared spectrophotometer or a Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer. Before using the infrared spectrophotometer, adjust it as specified in the operating manual. The linearity of the absorbance between 20% and 80% of transmittance (%) should be within 1%. The reproducibility of the transmittance should be within 0.5% in two consecutive measurements. The reproducibility of wave number should be within 5 cm-1 at about 3,000 cm-1 and within 1 cm-1 at About 1,000 cm-1. In addition, adjust the instrument so that a spectrum exhibits absorptions at the wave numbers as indicated in the following figure when measurement is made on a polystyrene film (about 0.03 mm thick).[5] iii. Preparation of Sample According to an appropriate one of the methods below,Prepare the sample so that the transmittance of the most intense absorption bands should be within a range of 20 to 80%. For the optic plate, use sodium chloride, potassium bromide, or thallium iodide bromide. Potassium Bromide Disk Method Place 1 to 2 mg of a solid sample and 100 to 200 mg of dried potassium bromide for infrared spectrophotometry into an Agate mortar, quickly reduce to fine particles protecting from moisture, mix Completely, and transfer into a die. Press the surface of the disk at 500 to 1,000 N/cm2 under reduced pressure of not more than 0.7 kPa for 5 to 8 minutes, and use this disk for the measurement. Solution Method Prepare a solution of the solid or liquid sample in the Specified solvent, inject the solution into a fixed cell for liquid, and use this cell for the measurement. Place the similar cell containing the same solvent for the Compensation beam. The thickness of the fixed cell is generally 0.1 mm or 0.5 mm. Paste Method Crush finely a solid sample and knead well with liquid Paraffin in the mortar. Hold the paste between two optic plates without any air gap, and measure. Liquid Film Method Hold 1 to 2 drops of liquid sample as a capillary film Held between two optic plates, and measure the liquid layer between the plates. If it is necessary to thicken the liquid layer, place rings of aluminum foil or a similar material between the two optic plates so that the liquid sample lies between the plates. Thin Film Method Dissolve the sample in the specified solvent, and apply it to one optic plate. Evaporate the solvent by drying with hot air, and measure the thin film adhered on the plate. If the sample is a film with a thickness of not more than 0.02 mm, measure the film just as it is. Gas Sample Measurement Put the sample gas in a gas cell with a light Path of 5 to 10 cm in length, previously evacuated, under pressure specified in the individual monograph, and measure. A long cell with the light path of not shorter than 1 m is also used if necessary. iv. Conventional method A beam of infrared light is produced and split into two separate beams. One is passed through the sample, the other passed through a reference which is often the substance the sample is dissolved in. The beams are both reflected back towards a detector, however first they pass through a splitter which quickly alternates which of the two beams enters the detector. The two signals are then compared and a printout is obtained. A reference is used for two reasons: This prevents fluctuations in the output of the source affecting the data This allows the effects of the solvent to be cancelled out (the reference is usually a pure form of the solvent the sample is in) v. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a measurement technique for collecting infrared spectra. Instead of recording the amount of energy absorbed when the frequency of the infra-red light is varied (monochromator), the IR light is guided through an interferometer. After passing through the sample, the measured signal is the interferogram. Performing a Fourier transform on this signal data results in a spectrum identical to that from conventional (dispersive) infrared spectroscopy. FTIR spectrometers are cheaper than conventional spectrometers because building an interferometer is easier than the fabrication of a monochromator. In addition, measurement of a single spectrum is faster for the FTIR technique because the information at all frequencies is collected simultaneously. This allows multiple samples to be collected and averaged together resulting in an improvement in sensitivity. Virtually all modern infrared spectrometers are FTIR instruments. Summary of absorptions of bonds in organic molecules vi. Uses and applications Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in both research and industry as a simple and reliable technique for measurement, quality control and dynamic measurement. It is of especial use in forensic analysis in both criminal and civil cases, enabling identification of polymer degradation for example. It is perhaps the most widely used method of applied spectroscopy.[citation needed] The instruments are now small, and can be transported, even for use in field trials. With increasing technology in computer filtering and manipulation of the results, samples in solution can now be measured accurately (water produces a broad absorbance across the range of interest, and thus renders the spectra unreadable without this computer treatment). Some instruments will also automatically tell you what substance is being measured from a store of thousands of reference spectra held in storage. By measuring at a specific frequency over time, changes in the character or quantity of a particular bond can be measured. This is especially useful in measuring the degree of polymerization in polymer manufacture. Modern research instruments can take infrared measurements across the whole range of interest as frequently as 32 times a second. This can be done whilst simultaneous measurements are made using other techniques. This makes the observations of chemical reactions and processes quicker and more accurate. Techniques have been developed to assess the quality of tea-leaves using infrared spectroscopy. This will mean that highly trained experts (also called noses) can be used more sparingly, at a significant cost saving. Infrared spectroscopy has been highly successful for applications in both organic and inorganic chemistry. Infrared spectroscopy has also been successfully utilized in the field of semiconductor microelectronics[8]: for example, infrared spectroscopy can be applied to semiconductors like silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, zinc selenide, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, etc. V. USES IN ORGANIC A technique to identify materials including organic polymers. An infrared spectrometer directs infrared radiation through a sample and records the relative amount of energy absorbed by the sample as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the infrared radiation. The method is applicable particularly to organic materials, because the vibrational frequencies of the constituent groups within the molecules coincide with the electromagnetic frequencies of the infrared radiation. Therefore, the infrared radiation is selectively absorbed by the material to produce an absorption spectrum. The spectrum produced is compared with correlation spectra from known substances. VI. SPECTRORADIOMETERS Spectroradiometers, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers, are designed to measure the spectral density of illuminants in order to evaluate and categorize lighting for sales by the manufacturer, or for the customers to confirm the lamp they decided to purchase is within their specifications. Components: The light source shines onto or through the sample. The sample transmits or reflects light. The detector detects how much light was reflected from or transmitted through the sample. The detector then converts how much light the sample transmitted or reflected into a number. CONCLUSION In this topic which is infrared spectrophotometry I have introduced what is spectrophotometry. And it is used in a device called spectrophotometer which is explained in the above thesis. Followed on single beam spectrophotometer is also explained with its design working. Spectrophotometry is generally of two types UV IR spectrophotometry, UV spectrophotometry is explained in short but IR spectrophotometry is explained briefly. The word INFRARED is explained i.e. what it means, infrared region is explained in EM radiation. In EM spectrum there comes a topic infrared spectroscopy which is explained briefly with its background theory. Its preparation of sample followed by conventional method of it. There is other phenomenon called FITR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) is a measurement technique for collecting infrared spectra. FTIR spectrometers are cheaper than conventional spectrometers. Uses application is also explained in the above thesis. At last but not the least its use in organic is explained. The idea of Spectroradiometers is also given, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers. This is end of the conclusion of my thesis infrared spectrophotometry.

Latrell Sprewell :: Art

Latrell Sprewell In the event that the National Basketball Association or any specific basketball organization is forced to make an important decision they must take into account that there are many factors at play. Prior to making the decision you must consider all the possible outcomes of each solution. Recently, a professional basketball player known as Latrell Sprewell assaulted his coach physically and orally. There has been a lot of controversy over what the NBA and Golden State Warriors should do with him. Many different things would be affected by the decision that they make. The three most notable are the financial issues, the players, and the public relations. Just like any business the most important thing that they must consider is money. The financial reasons play the most dominant role in this decision. Latrell should be considered an investment, on the team's part, and the team should stick by their investment. If they suspend him, the team would have no chance of getting to the playoffs and, without the possibility of winning the basketball championship, a dramatic decrease of income happens. No matter how devoted a fan is they do not want to spend hard-earned money on a losing team. A good portion of the income from a basketball team is derived from home games. Without many fans, fewer people buy tickets and therefore, fewer people go to the games. The team gets hit hard in the financial books. Another financial issue is that a lot of companies had hired Latrell to advertise certain products for them. Is Latrell the image the retailer is looking for? If he gets suspended and no one sees him play, why would they want to purchase a pair of shoes endorsed by him? If, ultimately, the league decides on fining him, how much should they fine him for? Another issue in the financial area is the possibility that many laypersons would say, "He'll get away with it, he's rich." Is that the kind of signal that you want sent out to the American public? Another large factor is how are the players of the NBA are going to react to the decision. What are they going to think? There is always the possibility of a strike. What would happen if Latrell got kicked out of the league, and his teammates and other NBA players decided that they did not like that decision and managed to go on strike.

High Stakes :: essays research papers

High Stakes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Presently, America is experiencing a gambling boom. Everywhere you look there’s at least one advertisement involving gambling. Whether it’s a new Las Vegas hotel or a one-dollar scratcher, it seems to catch people’s eyes. Although it may look like a lot of glam and hype, there’s a dark side to the gambling industry, one people overlook the harsh consequences of. The gambling industry grasps a hold of everyone’s attention. Lotteries appeal to the low economic levels of society as a way to change their lives forever. One pull of the lever on a slot machine can make you an instant millionaire. On the flip side, there are those who gamble for excitement and entertainment reasons. They create a lifestyle of risk taking and chance, often ending up with making the wrong decisions. Most People like the thrill of sitting down in front of a slot machine and pulling the lever in hopes of winning a bundle. The opportunities are endless. So, what does the gambling tell us? A dollar and a dream, that’s all it takes. The gambling industry has grabbed a hold on our society. Roughly three quarters of all Americans gamble. Presently, 48 out of 50 states allow one or more forms of legalized gambling. Sure, the government is going to support gambling, but not without getting a healthy share of the profits. They use political smoke screening. What most Americans don’t know is that promotions and advertisements are producing such small amounts of proceeds that it yields very little funding to public projects. Politicians say that by legalizing gambling, we reduce illegal gambling and organized crime. What its actually doing is enlarging the pool of bettors. Even though casinos have created a number of jobs, the cost to society is greater than the benefits. People are arguing that the jobs created by casinos are low paying and offer little opportunity for the worker in progress. Furthermore, the creation of these casino jobs has taken away jobs from other areas of the economy. Restaurants near casinos are being forced out of business by the cheap buffets that casinos offer, to draw people in.

Comparing Characters in Major Barbara and Pygmalion Essay -- compariso

Comparing Characters in Major Barbara and Pygmalion      Ã‚   Andrew Undershaft and Alfred Doolittle, two characters from Bernard Shaw's plays Major Barbara and Pygmalion, have a similar nature but strikingly different views of morality and poverty. Undershaft is an "unashamed" capitalist, and nothing clouds his view of his business plans. Doolittle is a man who would much rather have a life of poverty than be troubled with the responsibility of being well-off. Although their perspectives differ, they both live for themselves.    The most apparent difference between Undershaft and Doolittle is the way in which they handle their own immorality. Undershaft is not only unashamed but also preaches to others about the values of immorality. He is completely unrepentant and is a better business man for it. Also, he believes that no one does good deeds unselfishly. Due to this cynical certainty, Undershaft feels no remorse for doing good things for bad reasons. Doolittle, however, acknowledges that he behaves immorally. Doolittle is not ashamed of himself either, but merely states t...

Main Differences When Communicating With Adults, Young People And Children

Explain the main differences when communicating with adults, young people and children: The main differences between communicating with a child, young person or adult is our tone of voice, body language, facial expressions, gestures and the vocabulary we use. We need to adapt these depending on the age, needs or ability of the person we are speaking too. If we are communicating with a small child we may do this by either playing a game, reading a story, using silly voices or playing with toys or puppets.When communicating with a young person this is done differently as we would need to adapt our tone of voice, and the words and phrases we use as a young person has a more varied vocabulary. We need to ensure that we allow a young person to vocalise ideas and feelings as they can do this in a greater depth. We can give a young person more complex instructions and they can also appreciate jokes and word play. We can read more complex things with a young person such as poetry or factual books.We can discuss past events allowing them to give detailed accounts with varied expression and emotions. With regards to communicating with an adult this would be done slightly differently as we would normally do this by having a conversation face to face or by telephone, going out to a social event together or by texting or maybe email. We also need to consider the differences when communicating with anyone from a different culture or social background.This is because some words or phrases that may be acceptable to one community may not be acceptable to another. We need to always be aware who is around us to prevent us from causing offence. We need to be aware that the way we communicate may not be acceptable to everyone for example if someone was communicating using offensive language and the other person replied with the same language then this would not cause offence, but if they said this to someone who does not use offensive language then this may upset them.

Decline in Communal Living in the Pacific

Abstract This essay will discuss the major reasons for the decline in communal living in the Pacific. Firstly the essay examines issues in regards to social change which are migration and conflict of interest. Secondly, the essay will discuss concerns from an economic standpoint where education and employment are considered. Thirdly, the essay will look at cultural issues in regards to Westernization and cultural identity. The essay concludes that the Pacific people need to realise in order for communal life to stay alive, these issues must be dealt with.Countries in the Pacific have their own unique way of living. Communal living is seen to be the traditional way of life in the Pacific. People are bound together by their culture and tradition. Therefore, this way of life is slowly declining and being forgotten due to many major reasons. Some of these major reasons for the decline in communal life within the Pacific are likely due to issues such as social change, economic and culture . Firstly one of the issues for the decline in communal living in the Pacific is social change.Migration is an issue related to social change, people looking for a diverse lifestyle elsewhere plays a major role in the decline in communal life in the Pacific. People want to experience a different way of life from the traditional communal way of living (Stahl & Appleyard, 2007). For example, Cook Islanders that still reside in a communal way of living, everything from chores to eating and entertainment are done together with the other members of the family or community, but many are pulling away from this way of life because they prefer to do things on their own..Also, to consider is the migration of people from a different culture and tradition into the pacific, who will have an influence on the Pacific islanders who may turn away from the communal lifestyle. An example of this would be foreign workers migrating into the country and bringing with them their way of life from their cou ntry as well as their culture in which young people could be influenced by this new lifestyle. Therefore, migration is a major factor in the decline of communal life in the Pacific.Another point to consider is conflict of interest within the family in regards to land or religious beliefs. Land issues have been a contributing issue to many disputes within the family. Members of the family fighting over the same piece of land have caused hatred and disarray amongst family members. For instance, in Rarotonga when a person is given a piece of land to occupy and build a dwelling, they must go to court to obtain an occupation right. Once the occupation right is granted the occupier has seven years to build their dwelling.Should they fail to erect a building within the timeline set a member of the family have the right to request that the occupation right be cancelled and a new occupation right be given to another family member. Also in relation to conflict of interest are religious belief s. Families and communities can be set apart because of the difference in religion. For example, Sabbath for a Seventh Day Adventist believer is observed on a Saturday, therefore this is a day of rest and their day at Church, where as Sabbath for the Catholic religion is observed on Sunday.Therefore, issues of land and religious beliefs are a large influence in the decline of communal living. Secondly another issue of importance in regards to the decline of communal living in the Pacific is economic concerns. Education can be seen as a contributing factor to the change in communal living in the Pacific. There are opportunities offered in education, and as people study towards a higher level of education, they have had to move to countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, and America.When they have completed their studies many people take up employment, whether it is within the township or overseas (Veramu, 2000). Therefore, education and employment contribute to the decline in communal living in the Pacific. Furthermore, employment opportunities are also an economic concern in relation to the decline in the communal lifestyle. The development of towns and cities bring about employment opportunities so therefore, a better pay packet and a new lifestyle encourage people to leave the traditional way of life and migrate to â€Å"greener pastures† overseas.An example of this would be, in the Cook Islands the minimum hourly wage is be $5. 00 NZD per hour as a cleaner, compared to $13. 85 NZD per hour working as a cleaner in NZ (Clarke, 2013). Thus, employment is an issue in regards to the loss of this way of living in the Pacific. Thirdly, cultural values are also an issue in respect to the decline of communal life in the Pacific. A related aspect to culture issues is Westernization in which many Pacific Islanders have adopted the lifestyle and culture of western countries.For instance, in the Cook Islands if there was a marriage ceremony in a village, e veryone in the village would come together and prepare food, and decorate the building where the wedding ceremony would take place as well as the reception, it was an open invitation and everyone in the village(s) would come to celebrate. This no longer occurs as the influence from the west has changed the way people think. Therefore, western culture influence is also responsible for the decline in communal life in the Pacific.Moreover, in relation to culture issues is the loss of cultural identity which many people are experiencing today, therefore this is a concern in the communal decline of life in the Pacific. In the past every person knew how to speak the language of their country, also knowing the protocols of their villages, and genealogy; the majority of people today have forgotten or have not been taught by their parents. For example, from the age a child is able to understand and communicate with people, they are taught by their parents, as well as people in the village ab out life and other experiences.Thus, the cultural loss in one’s identity is a reason for the decline in Pacific communal life. To conclude, it is essential to be aware of the major reasons for the decline in communal life in the Pacific in relation to social impacts, economical concerns and cultural values. The Pacific people must realise that communal life is declining and it is threatening the traditions and culture of the Pacific. Traditional values and issues should be considered more to re-strengthened communal life in the Pacific. Communal life will die out if the issues are not examined and considered by the people in all the Pacific countries as a whole.

Assessment in Early Childhood Essay

According to Ann Landers, it is not what you do for your children, but what you have taught them to do for themselves, that will make them successful human beings. The subject of children’s achievement and performance in school, and even before school, has received increasing public attention during the latter 1980s and early 1990s. Over the years educators has seek various methods of assessment to evaluate students. According to Pett, (1990), educators use the term Authentic Assessment to define the practice of realistic student involvement in evaluation of their own achievement. One method of Authentic Assessment is to assemble and review a portfolio of the child’s work. Venn, (2000), stated that portfolio is a systematic collection of students work and related materials that depicts a student’s activities, accomplishment and achievement in one or more areas of the curriculum. In this era performance assessment related to the monitoring of students’ mastery of a core curriculum, portfolios can enhance the assessment process by revealing a range of skills and understandings of young children in Early Childhood Education. The wide use of portfolio can stimulate a shift in classroom practices and education polices. According to Meisels and Steele (1991), portfolios enable children to participate in assessing their own work, keep track of individual children’s progress and provide a basis for evaluating the quality of individual children’s overall performance. There are many benefits of using portfolios in the early childhood classroom. Portfolio assessment has become widely used in educational settings as a way to examine and measure children’s progress, by documenting the process of learning or changes as it occurs. For example if parents feel the need to evaluate their child’s progress in the classroom; the portfolio will be available for this purpose. Hence, with the aid of the teacher and evidence of their child’s portfolio parent will have an understanding of how their child is performing. Another benefit of using the portfolio is that it gives students the opportunity to have extensive input into the learning process and shows depth in their work. According to Murphy and Smith (1990), portfolios can be intended to motivate students and promote learning through reflection and self-assessment. Involving students in selecting their own pieces which are done without pressure and time constrains allow them to assess and give themselves a better understanding of their own work and identify what are their strengths and weaknesses. For example little Johnny is in K2 and his class teacher Miss McLaughlin gives him Art pieces to do on Fridays, at the end of doing all those pieces little Johnny was given the opportunity to choose his favourite piece and tell why he choose that sample of work. On-going feedback is another benefit that portfolio provides. In the early childhood classroom portfolio contains a wide variety of work samples, including successive drafts of work on particular projects/theme in the curriculum. Hence, while evaluating students’ progress, teachers would be able to conclusions about a child’s abilities, achievement, weaknesses, strengths and needs. The conclusion will be based on the child’s development, documentations made in the portfolio and on the teacher’s knowledge of curriculum and stages of development. Finally, when the evaluation progress is completed the teacher can use portfolios to provide students general feedback about the quality of their work; in addition this portfolio can be displayed during parent-teacher association (P. T. A) meetings. Students can also select pieces of their work to include in the portfolio. This encourages students to reflect on their past work and gather useful guidelines for improvement. For instance, kindergarteners are at the pre writing level, hence they tend to complete more hands-on and concrete work at this stage. The facilitator may take a photograph of a child’s completed block structure during the first, second or third semester of the year to show the child’s progress in development. Many teachers use portfolios to evaluate how a student progresses over an extended period of time. The portfolio normally contains the best samples of work done by a student, as well as various students’ work that most demonstrate their strengths and skills. It should be noted that all materials placed in a portfolio should be organized by chronological order and or categorized. Meisels and Steele (1991) believe that the materials placed in the portfolio should be organized in accordance to curriculum area or category of development, such as cognitive, gross motor, fine motor and so forth. Once the portfolio is organized, the teacher can evaluate the child’s achievements. Appropriate evaluation should always be done by the teacher in regards to the comparison of the child’s current work to his or her previous work. When the teacher is evaluating, he or she will be able to draw conclusions about a child’s abilities, achievement, weaknesses, strengths and needs. The conclusion will be based on the child’s development, documentations made in the portfolio and on the teacher’s knowledge of curriculum and stages of development. Finally, when the evaluation progress is completed the teacher can use portfolios to provide students general feedback about the quality of their work; in addition this portfolio can be displayed during parent-teacher association (P. T. A) meetings. Students can also select pieces of their work to include in the portfolio. This encourages students to reflect on their past work and gather useful guidelines for improvement.

Golden Valley Foods, Inc. Essay

In this case, that Neal Middleton is trying to decide why Golden Valley Foods, inc., isn’t as profitable as it once was. I would suggest to Neil Middleton to do a big change in the company’s policy, and do market segmentation. Golden Valley Foods has a line-forcing policy, requiring any store that wants to carry its brand name to carry most of 65 items in the Golden Valley Foods line. This policy, resulted in a decreasing in its sales. Unfortunately, smaller stores are not generally to accept the Golden Valley Foods policy. Then most of their sales come from major supermarket chain store such as Safeway, Kroger, and A$P. According to the last president of the company said â€Å"The influence of our old parent company is still with us. As long as new products look like they will increase the company’s sales volume, they are introduced. traditionally, there has been little, if any, attention paid to margins. we are well aware that profits will come through good products produced in large volume.† I think that, by reducing the large amount of items in the policy Golden Valley Foods could increase its sales; marketing is the process of discovering and translating consumer needs and wants into product and service specifications, creating demand for these products and services and then, in turn, expanding the demand. Goods and services do not move automatically from the makers to the users. A marketing segment is a meaningful buyer group having similar wants. Market segmentation is the process of grouping buyers into different categories having common desires or needs. Thus, segmentation is a consumer oriented marketing strategy.; that could increase the sales as well.

Issues Connected with Working in Facebook Term Paper

Issues Connected with Working in Facebook - Term Paper Example Facebook is a well-known company regarding the technology sector. The well-known social networking platform provided by Facebook has become much of a success. As a company, it employs staff members to continue with the operations of the company.   The working conditions in the company with the viewpoint of an employee of a company are discussed and explained. The issues arising in the company regarding the working conditions are highlighted and explained. The culture of the company that is to be adopted by the employees is exclaimed and realized so as to determine their effects upon working as an employee on Facebook. The daily routines are elaborated along with the issues that the employees face upon a daily basis. The company’s temperament regarding the position of its employees in the company and how it treats them are explained where the culture of issues relating to the management of employees are discussed as well. Detailed analysis of the key issues highlighted in the videos is explained in the context of relevant theories and theoretical perspectives so as to determine the issues in detail and in depth. The company is constantly in operation twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week so as to provide the product to its company. Obviously, the teams work in shifts and have different routines. The company works hard for providing the users of its products with a continuing improved interface so as to attract potential users and existing stakeholders. The pressure upon the employees is intense so as to continue with the development and research regarding the perception of the users (Matthew, 2008). The interfaces designed are to facilitate the user in various manners where the access and easy operation along with the management of the parts of the product is aimed. The employees of the company are extremely focused upon improving the user interface technique and are continuously in the discussion for the issue.  

Does war give the right to kill The study of the character of Elisha Essay

Does war give the right to kill The study of the character of Elisha in Dawn by Elie Wiesel - Essay Example Another friend, and fellow terrorist, Ilana approaches Gad to comfort him. She states, "Don't torture yourself, Gad. This is war" (151). In both f these instances we see the members f this terrorist cell justifying their actions, and their opponents for the matter, as being a mere act f war. Thus, this leads us to an undeniable question: are actions f violence, terrorism for that matter, justifiable in a state f war On the side f the terrorists, yes, using unfair and excessively violent tactics are quite acceptable. Acceptable to the point where basically anything goes, despite who is affected; be they military personnel or innocent civilians just trying to make their way in the world. Its war, pain and simple. However, on the opposite end f the spectrum, namely that f civilized nations, we find that there are certain rules to war, or a code f conduct if you will. Killing an unarmed man because you were given the orders to is not war, especially if the victim knows not why they are being executed. Weisel shows us a situation in Dawn where Elisha is a few seconds to snuffing the life out f John Dawson, the terrorist's captive. John Dawson says, "I'm smiling because all f a sudden it has occurred to me that I don't know why I am dying. Do you" (203). Clearly Elisha and John Dawson had no concrete idea as to why John Dawson was to be killed. So, how can this be justified as an act f war when both the killer and the victim do not know the motives for their dispute It simply can't. One can also find that this story presents the reader with a provocative warning. One can find find that this tale warns us against naive actions, and where these decisions can lead. In Dawn this concept is illustrated by Weisel when Elisha states, "I was the Executioner. And I was eighteen years old. Eighteen years, f study and rebellion, and they all added up to this" (139-140). We see here that Elisha clearly knew he was going to play the role f executioner, but one may feel that he was unprepared. One may say that Elisha knew that he was to be killing people, be they innocents or military personnel, at the time he accepted the offer which Gad presented him with. However, one may also find that this Execution he will have to commit came f great surprise. Despite his past experience on the field f battle, nothing could prepare himself for the coming event. Even aside from this fictional story, this situation is quite prominent even in reality. When one has to look into the eyes f another man and realize that they will have to kill that person, one will find it very hard to eventually squeeze the trigger and snuff the life essence from the other. Elisha states in a conversation with Ilana when she asks if he is afraid, " I'm afraid that he'll make me laugh. You see Ilana, he's quite capable f swelling up his head and letting it burst into a thousand pieces, just in order to make me laugh" (175). Elisha is clearly afraid f having to kill a man if he gets to know him. Its one thing to kill a person without ever knowing the person on a personal level. However, it's a totally different situation when faced with having to exterminate a person who you have gotten to know. So, in conclusion, this warning Wiesel presents us is very profound. He warns f the dangers f uninformed decisions. All in all, when reading Dawn Wiesel presents us

Corporate Finance (see questions) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Finance (see questions) - Essay Example Bergen (2004) noted about the important debate among stock market investors is whether the market is efficient. Market efficiency here means that all the information are made available to market participants at any given time. Hence the announcement of new technology by the company director in the above case as to the influence on stock prices has almost become immaterial. The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) theory forwards the idea that all stocks are perfectly priced according to their inherent investment properties, and that the knowledge for decision making are made available to all market participants possess equally. One argument against the theory is on its assumption as in the case of believing that that all investors perceive all available information in precisely the same manner. This could he hard to be believed because there are many methods for analyzing and valuing stocks and these may in a sense pose some problems for the validity of the model. If one person may see undervalued market opportunities, it is equally possible to have another person on the basis of growth potential. In other words, the availability of information may still means different things for difference people. Thus under the case, two investors may come to arrive at a different assessment of the stock’s estimated fair market value. Will this reality therefore not create variability in the result? (Bergen, J. 2004). If this argument is sustained it must also sustained that with or without the EMH theory, the differences in investor’s perception and attitude will still be there. Another criticism of the efficient market hypothesis is that, it implies that there is no single investor that will be ever able to get greater profitability than another with the same amount of invested funds. In other words, there is an assumed equal possession of information means that should make the investors

International Terrorism (Answer the questions) Scholarship Essay

International Terrorism (Answer the questions) - Scholarship Essay Example 4. Explain each of Samuel Huntington's 8 cultural paradigms. What does this model for culture and civilization around the world have to do with terrorism What are the implications for law enforcement if terrorism has deeper roots-namely, rooted in a clash of civilizations Also, what are the implications for American foreign policy efforts to thwart terrorism 5. Describe anarchist and socialist movements of the 19th Century. Which activists within those movements were most pivotal in giving us terrorism as we know it today Also, in your own opinion, how should modern America deal with fomenters of political violence when they do so while in exile through writing and speaking Should America "go after" such people given the observation from history that other exiled thinkers/revolutionaries have had great influence with violent and long-standing consequences Terrorism comes from the Latin word for "terror" or "fear", but an objective and universally accepted definition of the word is difficult up to the present moment for the simple reason that what may be seen as frightening or terrifying by the victims of terrorist acts may be seen, from the side of the terrorists and those who support them, as acts of daring, courage, and heroism. This issue of three different perceptions of an act - the terrorist, the victim, and the public - that leads to different understandings and definitions of the act is part of our common experience (Schmid, 1997). For example, a triathlete may see his/her punishing dietary and exercise regimens as forms of discipline to attain success and glory, but a non-triathlete would simply view it as pointless vain masochism. Definitions range from the simple: "the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political change" (Jenkins, 1985); to the concise: "policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted; the employment of methods of intimidation" (OED, 2002); and the complex: as in the Patriot Act definition (U.S. Congress, 2001, Sec. 808). The most balanced among the wide range of definitions is proposed by the FBI (1999): "Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." The FBI definition includes the key elements that characterize terrorist acts (Schmid, 1983): (1) use of unlawful violence or force, (2) a political aim, and (3) the main targets are civilians. The point against all other definitions is that these are too specific and contain too many details that clutter understanding (how violent acts are carried out, which systems are used, motives and intentions of perpetrators, etc.). It is unavoidable that in any society, some have grievances they want addressed by observing due processes to preserve social order. The terrorist disrespects the process and performs acts to intimidate society and the ruling power, thinking that the end justifies the means. This mentality is rooted in Machiavelli (1997) and, based on centuries of experience, leads to more intimidation, oppression, less freedom, and more violent

Patient undergoing surgery Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Patient undergoing surgery - Dissertation Example ies from Turkey (Sahin, et.al., 2010, Egri, et.al., 2008), four from the UK (Ashraff, et.al., 2006; Kay and Siriwardena; Yeoman, et.al., 2006; Akkad, et.al., 2006, Habiba, et.al., 2004, Vohra, et.al., 2003; Mauffrey, et.al., 2008), three from Saudi (Khedhiri, et.al., 2013, Abalfotouh, and Adlan, 2012; Amir, et.al., 2012; Al-Faleh, et.al., 2010), one from Israel (Brezis, et.al., 2008); one from Switzerland (Ghulam et.al., 2006); one from the Czech Republic (Kopacova and Bures, 2012) and one from Canada (Falagas, et.al., 2006). Majority of the focus of these studies relates to how informed consent is perceived by patients, whether they consider it satisfactory or not. It also relates mostly to the quality of informed consent for the patients, including the relay of sufficient information to the patients. Majority of the methods applied for this review is the quantitative study, with only one qualitative study meeting the inclusion criteria. In terms of methodological quality, the cross -sectional studies (Egri, et.al., 2008; Brezis, et.al., 2008; Amir, et.al., 2009; Abalfotouh and Adlan, 2012; Falagas, et.al., 2009; Ghulam, et.al., 2006; Khedhiri, et.al., 2013) p rovided a sufficient insight and trend for a larger population as opposed to other studies, especially qualitative studies (Habiba, et.al., 2004) which can only provide an insight for a smaller sub-set of a population. In this case, the larger group of patients going through different types of surgery are represented in these cross-sectional studies. The cross-sectional studies also allowed for the establishment of a link between informed consent and outcomes and perceptions of patient surgery (Egri, et.al., 2008; Brezis, et.al., 2008; Amir, et.al., 2009; Abalfotouh and Adlan, 2012; Falagas, et.al., 2009; Ghulam,... In terms of methodological quality, the cross-sectional studies (Egri, et.al., 2008; Brezis, et.al., 2008; Amir, et.al., 2009; Abalfotouh and Adlan, 2012; Falagas, et.al., 2009; Ghulam, et.al., 2006; Khedhiri, et.al., 2013) p rovided a sufficient insight and trend for a larger population as opposed to other studies, especially qualitative studies (Habiba, et.al., 2004) which can only provide an insight for a smaller sub-set of a population.   In this case, the larger group of patients going through different types of surgery are represented in these cross-sectional studies.   The cross-sectional studies also allowed for the establishment of a link between informed consent and outcomes and perceptions of patient surgery (Egri, et.al., 2008; Brezis, et.al., 2008; Amir, et.al., 2009; Abalfotouh and Adlan, 2012; Falagas, et.al., 2009; Ghulam, et.al., 2006; Khedhiri, et.al., 2013).   The sample of individuals from the larger population was polled and given questionnaires of intervie ws in terms of the quality of informed consent they had from their healthcare givers.   Their perception of the informed consent was also gathered through the cross-sectional studies included in this review.   Limitations in cross-sectional studies may however be observed in terms of the direction of the relationship where the quality of the informed consent may contribute to anxiety during surgery or the other way around (Abalfotouh and Adlan, 2012, Khedhiri, et.al., 2013; Ghulam, et.al., 2006).   In the prospective studies carried out (Sahin, et.al.)

Treatment of Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Treatment of Schizophrenia - Essay Example Disorganization of speech - It is a condition when person shows inconsistency in his speech. Usually this develops due to thinking disorder. Affected person can speak very fast or can frequently change topics in between sentences or can say sentences with words but no meaning (word salad). Genetic reasons, prenatal exposure to infections, social life style and some times use of drugs can develop schizophrenia. Two types of genetic disorders can be assigned with schizophrenia. One is deletion or duplication of copy number variant (i.e. very small DNA sequences) from genes responsible for the development of brain and neural signaling (Walsh et al. 2008). The other is some complex interaction of some unspecific genes through linkage i.e. when some genes co-occur then only their expressions develop the disorder (Owen et al. 2005). Early developments in neurological stages are considered to be most critical for the development of the disorder. Prenatal exposure to infection can be a major cause. Studies also have suggested that the pathology of development within uterus and development of the conditions are linked together (Brown, 2006). Socio-economic conditions can also become causes for schizophrenia. Generally these are racial discrimination, poverty, unemployment, poor living, experience of trauma in juvenile condition, relationship disorder in parents, etc (Mueser et al. 2004), (Selten et al. 2007). Drugs A huge number of Schizophrenics or similar type of patients remains under medication for a prolonged period. So, it is hard to analyze if use of drug causes schizophrenia or the use of drugs develops due to the disorder. A meta-analysis estimated that increase in the dose of cannabis could develop behavioral disorders like schizophrenia (Moore et al. 2007). Mechanism of schizophrenia Patho-physiological mechanism Many psychological researches have been conducted to determine the development of schizophrenia. Many psychological researches have been conducted to determine the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenic conditions shows reduced thalamic neural number and volume of cortical gray matter. Reduction in cortical volume followed by early gestational

Employment Law and Practice (in Human Resource Management) Essay

Employment Law and Practice (in Human Resource Management) - Essay Example It is because the Directive marks a profound transformation in the traditional deregulated understanding of working hours (IRS 1999). This paper briefly outlines the nature of legal regulation relevant to work time and work-life balance and the regulation’s impact on employers’ practice and concludes that regulation has little impact on actual practice of work-life balance due to the certain provisions. Introduction Regulation 4(1) of Working Time Regulations replicated the Article 6 of the Directive which provides that the working time for any employee in addition to overtime should not exceed from 48 hours per week for every seven days throughout a reference period of 17 weeks (cited in Barnard 1999). Moreover, Britain sought benefits from individual opt-out allowed by Article 18(1) (b) which permitted employees to exceed from 48 hours working limit in agreement with employers. The 1998 Regulations established detailed record keeping rules, however, businesses regarde d that it has ‘gold-plated’ the Directive (Barnard, Simon, and Richard, 2003, p.224). Amendments in Working Time Regulations in 1999 (Barnard, 2000) resulted in the diluted requirements of record keeping. Regulation 4(1) stresses that unless the employer get it in writing, the workers’ working time including overtime shall not go beyond 48 hours in a week. Regulation 4(2) demands from employer to maintain updated records of all the workers who opt-out due to the agreement between employer and employees (cited in Barnard, Simon, and Richard, 2003, p.225). Rationale for the Directive The EC Working Time Directive principally requires its member state to put the limits on the length of working day and week in addition to setting at least a minimum amount of leave that is paid(Lourie,1998,p.7).According to DTI(2001) the Regulation represented striking transformation, in particular for UK, where working time is not much regulated and existing regulation was annulled d uring 198s and 1990s(Cited in Neathey and James,2001,p.1).Formal intention of the Directive was a ensuring health and safety by decrease in long working hours(Goss and Derek 2001,p.205). According to DTI, WTR is perceived to have far reaching implications for UK, it is: â€Å"...due partly to the introduction of Regulations into a previously unregulated area and also to the working time patterns that operate in this country: full-time male and full-time female UK employees work on average considerably longer than those in   Ã‚  other EU countries.†(Cited in Neathey and James, 2001, p.1) When the Working Time Directive was implemented in 1998, the proceeding legislation was perceived to be; productive for the British economy in the form of enhanced productivity and innovation, meet the traditional social policy aims regarding health and safety (the legal justification for implementing the Directive), and to strike a balance between work and family (Barnard, 1999 cited in Bar nard, Simon, and Richard, 2003, p.248). However, Chancellor of the Exchequer in his Budget Statement during 2003 stated that, â€Å"In striking the balance between dynamism and social standards, our position is that no change to European regulations, like the working time directive, should risk British job creation† (cited in Barnard, Simon, and Richard, 2003, p.248). The Statement clearly reveals government’