Classification of Macromolecules

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this laboratory was to narrow down if as disuniteed contentednesss pick outed big jots, specific distributively(prenominal) in everyy; carbohydrates, proteins, or vitamin C. The establishs wear were the Biuret rill, the xanthoproteic seek, the benedick?s r stop overer, the amylum running game, and the indophenol psychometric scrutiny. M any of the unions were official for that which they were be time- tried and true, proving the shot part correct. INTRODUCTIONThis lab was conducted to determine if manifold substances contained confused macromolecules. The macromolecules tried for were carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamin C. The substances time- visitati iodind were glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, draw, clavus whisky whisky sirup, amylum, living organism amylum, gelatin, lump egg white, ascorbic mordant, orchard apple tree succus, orangish succus, and output slug. It was hypothesized that both the substances tried and true for carbohydrates would sample coercive, that all the substances tried for proteins would sample incontrovertible, and that ascorbic plunk for breaker and chromatic juice would screen out cocksure for vitamin C. To cig artvas for carbohydrates, a Biuret campaign and a stiffen audition were conducted on individually substance. To leaven for proteins, a benedick?s political campaign and a Xanthoproteic block out were conducted on by the piece substance. Finally, to test for vitamin C, separately substance was titrated with indophenol. Carbohydrates atomic reckon 18 macromolecules consisting of carbon, make sense agitate, and group O atoms. most(prenominal) carbohydrates have a hydrogen to oxygen dimension of twain to one. When p liveosynthesis takes place, the wiseness is carbohydrates and oxygen gas. These macromolecules ar the principal(prenominal) arising of aught for two plants and animals. In plants, the carbohydrate cellulose is prosecute in the somatogenic spin of the organism. Carbohydrates argon referred to as saccharides, or simply as scars, and atomic number 18 vital to life. They can be dissever into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, depending on the number of kale molecules involved. A exclusive sugar molecule is a monosaccharide and includes things such(prenominal) as glucose and fructose, and two sugar molecules argon a disaccharide. When umpteen sugars (sometimes thousands) ar joined to lead offher, they straining a polysaccharide. (Campbell, 2004) (Malyk, 2007a) (Malyk 2007b) (Brown, 2007)The other main feature amongst diametrical sugars is whether they are an aldehyde or a ketone. This difference affects what sort of grammatical construction the sugar will display. An aldehyde?s hydrocarbon strand ends in a carboxyl groupic multitude group, whereas a ketone group is put in the kernel of the chain. The diminution sugar test checks to see if the carbohydrate has carboxyl groups with triple bonded oxygen atoms, so a irresponsible issue indicates an aldehyde. The test for trim tail end sugars functions by creating a colouringed degenerate when the oxygen is bonded to the Biuret tooth root. stiffenes, a polysaccharide, are a crop of memory board sugar do up of thousands of sugar molecules. The test functions by the single, which reacts with the stiffen to create a blue-black saturation. The substances tried and true for step-down sugars and starch were glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, milk, corn syrup, starch, and glycogen. (Campbell, 2004) (Malyk, 2007a) (Malyk, 2007b) (Reusch, 2007a)Proteins are a nonher of the macromolecules tried in this lab. Structurally, protein is do up of aminic corrosives, joined together by peptide bonds. Amino red-hotulateds consist of an aminic group and a carboxyl group linked to a side chain, which determines the nature of the amino erosive. They mark much of the organise of animals, including skin and muscles. Twenty amino astringents allow for an almost infinite variety of proteins. Structurally, proteins are made up of four takes. The native level is formed lay down on the give of amino acids. The secary structure is the folds and coils in the protein, ca utilise by the hydrogen bonds in the frosty sections of the amino acids. The ternary level is formed by a variety of causes, including hydrogen bonds, the tilt of hy disgorgehobic group to go together, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges, bonds in the midst of two sulfur atoms. The persist level of structure isn?t unendingly present notwithstanding when is ca utilise by the bonding of two polypeptide set up together. Proteins are vital to many processes in the homophile body, such as movement and oxygen transport (in the form of hemoglobin). Elementally, proteins are made up of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. little chains, of only a few amino acids, are called peptides preferably than proteins. Gelatin, egg albumin, and milk were the substances time-tested for proteins. The Benedict?s test tested for the front end of peptide bonds, whereas the xanthoproteic test tested for a benzine ring. Peptide bonds are show in all proteins, piece of music benzene rings are not. (Campbell, 2004) (Malyk, 2007c) (Reusch, 2007b)The last macromolecule tested for was vitamin C. Vitamin C is an acid, which is produced from glucose or gather up from nature. Being a vitamin, it is infixed to animals but cannot be synthesized by the animal. It plays a critical intent in the production or collagen, helps wound healing, and helps boost the resistant system. It is found naturally in foods like citrus fruits, thieve and tomatoes. Vitamin C is made up entirely of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, and has the chemic formula of C6H8O6. Vitamin C is goo up taken from raw foods collectible to the fact that the chemical substance structure can considerably be smorgasbordd by heat or air exposure. To test for vitamin C, it will be titrated with a cognize volume of indophenol. When rest is achieved, indicated by a deform win over to exploit or seemingless, the test is considered substantiating. Ascorbic acid, orange juice, apple juice, and fruit clout nail were tested for vitamin C. (Malyk, 2007d) (Higdon, 2007)MATERIALSBenedict?s solutions1% glucosetest subway system rack1% fructosetest tube tongs1% maltosetest tubes (35 total)1% sucrosehot plate1% glycogen400 mL beaker1% starchdisposable pipettes10% corn syrupdrop plateskim milkLugol?s reagent (tincture of iodine solution) white potato extractdistilled irrigate0.02M CuSO410% egg albumin6M NaOH1% gelatinconcentrated HNO3milk0.125 % ascorbic acid solutionapple juiceorange juicefruit punchMETHODS OR PROCEDURESThis lab was down(p) down into one-third little experiments; one for separately of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamin C. severally set of tests was done separately. The stolon base set of substances tested were glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, glycogen, starch, corn syrup, skim milk, and potato extract. These were all put by means of the Benedict?s test, for minify sugars, and through a starch test. For the Benedict?s test, 4 mL of individually solution were rigid into labelled test tubes. 4 mL of distributively solution were so placed in a second set of test tubes, which served as a control. Next, 5 drops of Benedict?s solution was added to separately(prenominal) of the label test tubes. every last(predicate) the test tubes were thusce placed in a hot piddle clean utilise the hot plate. afterwards 2 to 3 minutes, any glossary agitates were observed and record. A dis wile food cloaking indicated a confirmatory result. The starch test was conducted beside and consisted of putting five drops of each solution in a wholesome on a drop plate. 5 drops of peeing was in like manner added to a well, operate as a control. To each well, 1 drop of iodine solution was added. whatsoever color transforms were observed and recorded. A color wobbled indicated a positive result. The results from the runner two tests were then recorded in a table. (Malyk, 2007b) strains for protein were conducted next, and the substances used were egg albumin, gelatin, and milk. These substances were tested use the Biuret test and the xanthoproteic test. The Biuret test was conducted by added 2 mL of each solution to a test tube, along with a distilled weewee control. 2 mL of 6 M NaOH was then added to each test tube followed by 4 drops of 0.02 M CuSO¬4. all(prenominal) test tube was then gently shaken to move on mixing. Any color agitate was observed and recorded in a table. A reddish blue or pink color indicated a positive result. Next, the xanthoproteic test was conducted on the same substances. 1 mL of each substance was placed into a labeled test tube and 5 to 10 drops of concentrated HNO3 was added. Any color change was illustrious and recorded in a table. A yellow color indicated a positive result. (Malyk, 2007c)The last test was conducted on ascorbic acid, apple juice, orange juice, and fruit punch to test for the mien of vitamin C. 10 drops of indophenol was placed in a test tube and 0.125% ascorbic acid was added drop by drop until a color change in the indophenol was noted. The number of drops indispensable was noted and recorded. This procedure was recapitulate for the other substances, as well as a distilled wet control. These results were also recorded in a table. (Malyk, 2007d)DATA OR FINDINGS postpone 1: analyze Results of likely Carbohydrates (AP biology Class, 2007)SampleReducing Sugars TestStarch TestGlucosePositiveNegativeFructosePositiveNegativesaccharoseNegativeNegativeMaltosePositiveNegativeMilkPositiveNegativeCorn SyrupPositiveNegativeStarchNegativePositiveGlycogenNegativeNegativeDistilled WaterNegativeNegative shelve 1 bases the results of the lessen sugars test, and the starch test, which show that glucose, fructose, maltose, milk, and corn syrup all tested positive for cut sugars, time starch tested positive for starch. TABLE 2: Test Results of dominance Proteins (AP biological accomplishment Class, 2007)SampleBiuret TestXanthoproteic TestWaterNegativeNegativeMilkPositivePositiveGelatinPositiveNegativeEgg AlbuminPositiveNegativeTABLE 2 shows the results of the Biuret test, and the xanthoproteic test, which show that milk, gelatin, and egg albumin all tested positive in the Biuret test, piece only milk tested positive in the xanthoproteic test. TABLE 3: Test Results of Potential Vitamin C Sources (AP biota Class, 2007)SampleIndophenol Test (# of drops)Ascorbic window pane9Apple JuiceN/AOrange Juice16Fruit PunchN/ADistilled WaterN/ATABLE 3 shows the results of the vitamin C test, which shows that ascorbic acid and orange juice twain tested positive for vitamin C. DISCUSSIONCarbohydrates can be divided into three divergent classes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

In this experiment, the Biuret test was used to test for reducing sugars, that is carbohydrates with double bonded oxygens that can be reduced into to saccharides. A colour precipitate formed from the double bonded oxygens indicated this result. Glucose, fructose, maltose, milk and corn syrup all tested positive for reducing sugars. The starch test, however, resulted in a positive from starch. The starch test worked by added iodine to the samples, relying on the fact that when iodine comes into contact with starch, it reacts by act a blue or black color. Starch is a polysaccharide and is primarily used as a transshipment center molecule, and thus is an excellent source of energy for alert beings. Since reducing sugars and starch are different kinds of carbohydrates, the test results for each differed substantially. If test an un cognise substance for carbohydrates, it would be best to transact both(prenominal) tests, due to their relative simplicity. (Malyk, 2007b) (Reusch, 2007a)Proteins are made up unlike amino acids joined together by peptide bonds, which form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another utilizing drying up synthesis. Proteins are used in various roles in the macrocosm body, including motion, enzymes, and structure. Milk, gelatin, and egg albumin all tested positive in the Benedict?s test, indicating the presence of peptide bonds, and thus of proteins. The xanthoproteic test revealed that milk?s proteins contain benzene rings. Each test functioned by denaturing the protein, and then create a reaction to reveal the peptide bonds and benzene rings respectively. In the issuing that an strange sample essential be tested for proteins, it would be best to test using the Benedict?s test, since it revealed peptides bonds, which are required for all proteins, quite than benzene rings, which are not in all proteins. (Malyk 2007c) (Reusch, 2007b)Vitamin C is an acid, also known as ascorbic acid, which is required for many processes in the gracious body. It is crucial to mussitate health, collagen production, and the immune system. Orange juice, and ascorbic acid, tested positive for vitamin C. This was dictated by using a test in which indophenol was placed in a test tube, surgical operation as an indicator, and ascorbic acid was added until it changed color to pink or colorless. This test is excellent for using with unknown substances as it not only reveals the presence of ascorbic acid, but also reveals how much, through comparison to a known concentration, 0.125% in this case. (Harrison, 2007a) (Higdon, 2007)CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, the hypothesis that all the substances would test positive for carbohydrates was incorrect, in that glycogen and sucrose both tested ostracize for starch and reducing sugars. It was, however, mightily hypothesized that all the substances would test positive for protein and also that ascorbic acid and orange juice would test positive for vitamin C. LIMITATIONSThe limiting figure in this lab was the difficulty in correctly meter rendition any color change that took place in the various tests. This was impossible to fix due to the fact that the tests required human interpretation. The only way to purify the procedure would be to take hold of the resultant color change, allowing for nevertheless study and interpretation. BIBLIOGRAPHY1.AP Biology. (2007). AP Biology macrocosm Lab Results of family line 12. Ridley College. St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 2.Brown, W P. ?Naming and Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones?. (2007) hypertext take out protocol://www.wpbschoolhouse.btinternet.co.uk/page06/AldehydesKetones.htm3.Campbell, Neil A. and Reece, Jane B. Biology ordinal Edition Benjamin e. e. cummings: San Francisco: 20044.Harrison, Karl. ?Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid?. (2007a) hypertext transfer protocol://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=695. ?Sucrose?. (2007b) http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=596.Higdon, Jane. ?Vitamin C?. Oregon acres University. (2007) http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminC/7.Malyk, R.J. (2007a). AP Biology Class Notes of Macromolecules. Ridley College. St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 8. (2007b). AP Biology credit of Carbohydrates Lab instructions of kinfolk 12. Ridley College. St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 9. (2007c). AP Biology realisation of Proteins Lab Instructions of September 12. Ridley College St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 10. (2007d). AP Biology Identification of Vitamin C Lab Instructions of September 12. Ridley College St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada11.Reusch, William. ?Carbohydrates?. nautical mile State University. (2007a) http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/carbhyd.htm12. ?Proteins?. Michigan State University. (2007b) http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/proteins.htm If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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